digital natives

Yes, also see Prensky 2001, in which he mentioned the "digital natives"- K through college "kids" today- has already played over 10,000 hours of video games before they graduate from colleges. He also mentioned that there are scientific evidence that indicate the neuron system in their brain is different from us (digital immigrants). Therefore, they think FUNDAMENTALLY differently than us, not incrementally. Therefore, the old theories of teaching and learning may not work for them any more. Then, should we develop completely new theories and approaches for them to address their needs of parallel process, multi-task, random access, graphic, immediate gratification and frequent feedback?

Game news

Hi all,

I see a news about game.
http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gamehunters/post/2009/04/65719049/1

It gave us some statistics about how many kids play games - 88%. Boys played 14 hours per week, and girls play 9 hours. So, it is kind of a solid evidence that kids spent time on games.

Unfortunately, this report is showing some negatives - additive behavior. However, there are still some interesting questions for us. This research pointed out some attention problems with kids. Why? Maybe it is related to the kind of games they played. If that is the case, maybe we can minimize those kind of games design in educational games.

Victor

Facebook and education

Hi,

I saw a news about a study examining the effect of Facebook on Grade (sounds like the study presented in AERA). It is interesting, but the result is within expectation.

http://www.technewsworld.com/story/Study-on-Facebook-and-Grades-Becomes-Learning-Experience-for-Researcher-66805.html

I think one contribution from this research is that Facebook does take up valuable study time from college students.

So? What is the next question?

One piece of statistics is quite interesting: the Facebook users spend 1-5 hours a week studying comparing to non-Facebook users spending 11-15 hours a week studying. Does it mean that Facebook took students 10 hours a week of studying time? I guess probably not. Those students will still find other ways to kill time. But, what really contributing the differences?

VR in college education

I see a news about VR in college education that I would like to share with you:

http://blogs.computerworld.com/harvards_virtual_education_experiment_in_second_life

I like that the comparison between Second Life and normal distance education and text-based discussion.

I will not write too much now so that I won't interfere with your perspectives.

Crokpot Tech

In the Crokpot Tech article, the author described many different possibilities to utilize Second Life in learning contexts. For example, training, collaboration, and networking are some possible ways to utilize Second Life. The author also suggested that 3D and anonymity can have positive effects on learning outcomes.

What are some concerns with virtual world training? Transfer should be an important issue. For example, if medical students are trained in virtual world, are they going to be able to transfer the skills in the hospitals or clinics. If not, how can we bridge the training to help transfer?

Language training is interesting when done in virtual world. We know culture and language is closely related. Will the culture in the virtual be the same as the culture in the real-world? If not, what other factors that we should consider when we decide language training in the virtual world.

Virtual world creates a very different networking environment for the people to get together. We know that many people visit the virtual world, such as Second Life, very often. This kind of social networking opportunities are almost impossible for distributed teams without the virtual world.

The 3D aspects of virtual world are something that can be specific in the virtual world environment. The question is how 3D effect interacts with the virtual reality.

Anonymity is another specific characteristic in virtual world. As Deniz suggested that anonymity can help students with specific needs to learn in some environments. However, will anonymity negatively affect other types of students? For example, would a high achieving students, or popular students, behave differently in the virtual world? How can we balance the effects dealing with learning in virtual world.

Cannon-Bowers & Bowers (2008)

Cannon-Bowers & Bowers (2008) is a very good review piece. It provides some good definitions of game, simulation and virtual reality. They suggested that "the constructions of game and simulation are not orthogonal" (p.318). I agree with that, especially when simulation is defined as a "working representation of reality" (p.318). Game can be a working representation of reality (although it may not have to be). Indeed, many games we play such as SimCity, Monopoly, or even chess, can be seen as some kind of representations of reality.

This article also provided some advantages of using games and simulation. For example, games and simulations can be used to provide practice environments for practice which is too dangerous or too costly to provide. We can also embedded instructional features such as feedback in the games and simulations. The authors also review some empirical literature regarding to the effectiveness of games installations. It is a very good source of references. The authors not only show the positive results of games simulations, but also provided a list of studies which show negative results of SLEs.

Finally, the authors suggested different factors that influence SLE design. For example, learner characteristics such a self-efficacy, goal orientation, spatial ability, and comfort with technology may affect the SLE design. This list of factors may serve as a checklist when we decide SLEs.

What is learning?

I create this thread for all us to post our answers.

About Second Life

Hi all,

After yesterday class, probably most of you realize that I am skeptical about the use of virtual reality. I am thinking the same question over and over again: what additional benefit we get from virtual reality than what we can get from other medium such as simulation program, and communication software (e.g. Marratech/Skype). I come up with some answers and I will share in the second part of this message. Now, I first shared my experience in Second Life this morning.

Kathy's presentation suggested that we can visit Morocco in Second Life and I questioned what good about visiting Morocco virtually. We can see picture, watch live video of Morocco over the internet. Deniz suggested that it was the interaction. I guess we can also have some "first hand experience" if we use the virtual reality. So, I went there (I hope I went to the right place). It is a small island. I saw two people: one man (with two guns), and one lady (naming herself sexy something). Then, the lady comes to talk to me. I am scared. You don't talk to stranger (at least it is something I learned in kindergarten), especially in an unfamiliar place. So, I did not response. One thing I learn - there may be some etiqutte in virtual reality. It is important to learn. Also, the general culture is different in virtual world. So, many factors that affect learning may change. For example, gender may have an effect on some learning outcomes (I really don't know, but I guess there may be). Now, we don't even know the lady who talked to me is actually a male or a female. What I would like to say here: if culture matters in learning, now, we have a totally new space with a "new culture". Maybe each island has its own culture. So, culture can be a manipulatable variable in virtual reality. It is something interesting to investigate. Of course, what will happen if you don't have a clue about the new culture. Then, what will happen? I was an example in virtual Morocco. I fled.

Then, I went to the democracy island - as some of you may know, I am a politics junky. So, that is an interesting island for me. It looks like a museum with computer screen that I can click virtually. Information shows up. Actually, some screens direct me to an actual web site with more information. I see the advantage of the feeling of visiting a museum when I was in the virtual world. Even though we can have all the information (such as pictures and video clips) in a web site, we may not able to re-create the feeling of visiting a real museum. For me, I feel motion sickness when I see the screen moving. So, I still prefer a plan web site. It is just my personaly issue.

In conclusion, I think there are real benefit of virtual reality in learning. I think Dawley has started one very good research path - the social persistence. Will the virtual reality help people to immerse in the environment longer and deeper (I already use the word immerse which implies a positive answer)? Cultural effect will be an interesting phenomenon because the culture can be totally different in the virutal world. Also, people can visit one place and then to the next place with a different culture in seconds. How will it affect learning? Of course, the opportunity for interactions in VR is probably positive for learning. However, how can we design the enviornment to foster positive interactions in virtual reality? I am not skeptical about the effect of VR, but I see a lot of unknown (research opportunities). However, my problem with motion sickness may still prevent me to visit the virtual world too much (or at least walking/flying too fast in VR).

Mark's Alessi/Trollip Ch 9 thoughts

I like that this chapter opens with the fact that these tools are more "uncategorized" but still constructivist. That allowed me to read more "freely" without concern of mentally placing each tool into a specific category. My main thoughts as I read this chapter were: "Wow, this sounds like fun," "I really want to try that," "I'd really like to produce something like that for rainforest ecology in Madagascar," and "How can I used this in class..."

It was also good to see another perspective on "microworlds" (other than the paper we read). This sure does seem like a great tool for online classes (and other settings), but I'm still trying to see the difference between this and virtual reality. Learning tools are also discussed, and I like that they are touted as both assisting with learning AND a type of assessment tool (thought they don't give the details about how to assess or if you're comparing to an expert's tool output). I also appreciated that "dreamweaver" was included in multimedia construction tools. That is, we don't have to build the framework for new tools or even hire people to make us tools; many are already around, and we just have to find creative ways to use them! Have students build (constructivist) webpages or presentations or concept maps using PowerPoint, Adobe Photoshop, etc. Then, the class would consist of teaching the technology (as a tool) in order to get "output" from the student; then it comes down to the assessment of that output (compare to expert model or peer models?).

The second half of the chapter focuses on Open Learning Environments (OLEs)--programs that permit learning in a natural and flexible way. They can accomplish a variety of goals and are used in conjunction with other learning materials (p327). These are supposed to be most useful for the "guiding and practicing" phases of instruction (though can be used for presenting and assessing as well). As the went into examples of OLEs, I couldn't help but think "isn't this just a Wiki" when reading the CSILE section. Anybody else think that? The only difference seemed to be that entries/posts in CSILE had to be labeled as "opinion, fact, question" or other labels.

Overall, this chapter seemed less about theory, and more about some practical tools to try out (that are flexible and don't fit in other categories).

Directed Learning and Open-ended Learning

Alessi (Chap 9) argued that Open-ended learning environment lies between directed learning and open-ended learning. Each forming extreme ends of a continuum.

Sadly, most of higher education classroom instruction falls under directed learning in which the method of instruction are delivered systematically with careful sequencing to elicit correct learner actions. The learning goals are set. This is a very teacher-centered approach where teacher is a sage!!!

In contrast, open-ended learning allows learners to set goals and pursue methods learners deem appropriate and set own problems to solve. therefore, it should be noted that Alessi argued if all aspects of learning have to be open-ended for a progam to be an Open-ended learning environment (OLE), there will be no examples of OLEs.

A more realistic view may be in the middle continuum. In this case, specific problems are assigned to the learners and tools and resources are provided to learners who can select own methods to solve the problems. Additonally, teachers are facilitators who guide the learning process and provide resources to learners. Learners learn from peers, from errors, reflecting-in-action and -on-action. All in all learners own the learning rather than relying solely on teachers for learning to take place.